What To Do if a Snake Bites Your Dog

You are out for an enjoyable hike when it happens: your dog manages to find a snake nestled in the rocks. Although you call him back, it is too late. He yelps and comes back limping. This is the first time you have ever had to deal with a snake biting your dog. What do you do now?

Why Do Snakes Bite Dogs?

It is quite easy when your beloved pet has been hurt by a wild animal to immediately blame the critter for the injury. However, most animals—snakes included—will only attack a much larger creature, like a dog, if they feel threatened. Curious dogs can approach snakes quickly and often come in quite close, making the snake afraid. The snake’s natural reaction is to strike back, resulting in a bite to your pet. Although it is unfortunate if your dog gets injured, both parties played a role, and the snake most likely acted out of fear.

Fortunately, snake bites to dogs are relatively rare. They usually occur with dogs that hike and explore extensively in rocky areas. Also, many snakes present in North America are nonvenomous. Although a bite may be very painful, no toxin is injected with the wound and severe reactions are uncommon. This isn’t always the case, however.

Signs of a Snake Bite on a Dog

Snake bite symptoms can vary greatly depending on the location of the bite and the species of the snake. The most common signs include swelling, bruising, and pain at the site of the bite. If the snake was not venomous, this is likely the extent of the problem.

If the snake was venomous, the signs may progress to include extensive swelling that spreads rapidly and includes bloody discharge at the site of the bite. The toxin will often lead to shock, which can include:

Pale gums
Mental dullness
Changes in breathing (either slower or faster than usual)
Drooling
Tremors
Collapse

Signs typically worsen with time as more organs and systems become affected.

It is important to realize that actual bite marks—or fang holes—may or may not be seen. Very small or young snakes may not leave easily visible wounds, so it is not safe to assume that if you do not find marks on your dog, it has not been bitten. When in doubt, have your dog checked out. Dogs are smaller than people, so a snake that is venomous to humans is even more so to dogs.

How To Treat a Snake Bite on a Dog

Dogs that have been bitten by a snake need to be seen by a veterinarian immediately, whether that snake was venomous or nonvenomous. If your dog was bitten by a snake, remove the dog as quickly as you safely can, and carry them to the car (it is better to not allow them to walk on their own even if they are able). Take a photo of the snake (if you can do so safely) and call the nearest veterinarian to find out if they are able to treat your dog right away.

If possible, send a photo for identification. The exact treatment involved will depend on the species of snake, and a proper medication can be chosen more easily if the snake species is known. Rattlesnake and coral snake bites are best treated with antivenom, and calling the veterinary hospital ahead of time to see if they have—or can rapidly get—antivenom is a helpful time saver.

En Route to Veterinarian for Snake Bite

During travel to the veterinary hospital, keep the bitten part of the dog below the level of the heart, if possible, because this will slow the spread of toxins. Keep yourself and your pet calm. Remember, most snakes are not venomous, but immediate treatment is still the key to a good outcome.

Studies have shown that giving first aid to dogs before taking them to the veterinary hospital does not reduce the amount of care needed nor will it improve the eventual outcome. It is far better to spend that time getting veterinary help as quickly as possible and skipping doing your own first aid for dogs that have been bitten.

How Veterinarians Treat Snake Bites on Dogs

Treatment at the emergency hospital will depend dramatically on the species of snake involved, the location of the bite, and the severity of the signs. For example, treatment for a bite on the paw by a nonvenomous snake might only require cleaning the wound and giving antibiotics and pain medications. But a more severe bite to the face from a rattlesnake will need much more extensive treatment and hospitalization.

Moderate to severe bite wounds often need longer hospital visits, commonly ranging from eight to 48 hours (and sometimes longer). These dogs need treatment for the bite locally (such as treating the wound, preventing infection, and addressing pain) but also for the systemic side effects of shock and organ compromise.

Common treatments include IV fluid therapy to help support blood pressure and treat shock. If the species of snake is venomous and an antivenom is available, this will be the cornerstone of therapy. Supportive care often includes pain medication and sometimes antibiotics and antihistamines. Other treatments may be necessary depending on the exact clinical signs your dog shows. Of highest concern are animals that show neurologic (nervous system) problems or breathing distress, in which case a ventilator may be needed. Many pet patients need multiple blood tests to track organ functioning and the progress of therapy.

Luckily, most dogs do survive snake bites—even of the venomous variety—with prompt and aggressive treatment.

Types of Snake Bites on Dogs

The types of snakes likely to be involved in a snake bite incident will depend on the part of the country you live in, the lifestyle of your dog, and the resident populations of snakes. Some regions may only have the common garter snake as a concern for snake bites, while others have a variety of venomous snakes.

Of largest concern are the rattlesnakes, followed by coral snakes, cottonmouths, and copperheads. But regardless of the snake involved, the key to survival is still fast and proper treatment. If your dog was bitten by a snake, seek veterinary care as quickly as possible.

Preventing Snake Bites on Dogs

Preventing snake bites is the best approach to ensuring your dog's safety. Here are some tips to help minimize the risk of snake bites:

1. Know Your Environment

Be aware of the types of snakes that are common in the areas where you walk your dog. Different regions have different species of snakes, some of which may be more dangerous than others. Understanding which snakes are in your area can help you take appropriate precautions.

2. Keep Your Dog on a Leash

Keeping your dog on a leash during walks, especially in areas known to have snakes, can help prevent them from wandering into snake territory. This also allows you to have better control over your dog and keep them away from potential danger.

3. Avoid High-Risk Areas

Stay away from areas where snakes are likely to be, such as tall grass, rocky outcrops, and areas with dense underbrush. Snakes often hide in these places to avoid predators and seek out prey.

4. Stay Vigilant

Keep an eye out for snakes when walking your dog. Be especially cautious during warmer months when snakes are more active. If you see a snake, calmly and quickly move away from the area.

5. Train Your Dog

Training your dog to respond to commands such as "leave it" or "come" can be very useful in preventing them from approaching a snake. Consistent training and reinforcement of these commands can help keep your dog safe.

6. Vaccinate

In areas where rattlesnakes are common, consider vaccinating your dog against rattlesnake venom. While the vaccine does not provide complete protection, it can reduce the severity of symptoms and give you more time to get your dog to the veterinarian.

7. Yard Maintenance

If you live in an area with snakes, keep your yard tidy and free of debris where snakes might hide. Trim bushes, keep grass short, and remove piles of rocks or wood.

Common Myths About Snake Bites in Dogs

There are many myths and misconceptions about snake bites in dogs. Here are a few common ones and the truths behind them:

Myth 1: All Snake Bites Are Deadly

Not all snake bites are deadly. Many snakes are nonvenomous and while their bites can be painful, they are not life-threatening. Even venomous snake bites can often be successfully treated with prompt veterinary care.

Myth 2: You Should Suck Out the Venom

This is an old wives' tale and can actually do more harm than good. Sucking out venom is not effective and can introduce bacteria into the wound. The best course of action is to get your dog to a veterinarian as quickly as possible.

Myth 3: Applying a Tourniquet Helps

Applying a tourniquet can cause more harm than good. It can lead to tissue damage and cut off blood flow. Instead, keep the bitten area below the level of the heart and get to the veterinarian quickly.

Myth 4: Snake Bites Are Easy to Identify

As mentioned earlier, snake bites can be difficult to identify because the bite marks may not always be visible. If you suspect your dog has been bitten by a snake, it's best to seek veterinary care regardless of whether you see bite marks.

Myth 5: Antivenom Is Always Necessary

While antivenom can be lifesaving for venomous snake bites, not all snake bites require it. The need for antivenom depends on the type of snake and the severity of the bite. Your veterinarian will determine the best course of treatment based on the specifics of the situation.

Aftercare for Dogs Recovering from Snake Bites

After your dog has received treatment for a snake bite, it's important to follow your veterinarian's instructions for aftercare to ensure a full recovery. Here are some general tips for aftercare:

1. Monitor for Signs of Infection

Keep an eye on the bite wound for any signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or discharge. If you notice any of these signs, contact your veterinarian immediately.

2. Follow Medication Instructions

Make sure to give your dog any prescribed medications exactly as directed by your veterinarian. This may include antibiotics, pain relievers, or other medications.

3. Keep Your Dog Calm

Limit your dog's activity during the recovery period to prevent further injury or complications. Provide a quiet and comfortable place for your dog to rest.

4. Schedule Follow-Up Visits

Attend any follow-up appointments with your veterinarian to ensure your dog is healing properly. Your vet may need to perform additional tests or treatments as part of the recovery process.

5. Maintain Hydration

Ensure your dog has access to plenty of fresh water, as staying hydrated is important for recovery.

Conclusion

Snake bites can be a frightening experience for both dogs and their owners, but with prompt and proper treatment, most dogs can recover fully. Understanding the signs of a snake bite, knowing what to do in the event of a bite, and taking preventative measures can help keep your dog safe. If your dog is bitten by a snake, seek veterinary care immediately and follow your veterinarian's instructions for treatment and aftercare. With the right approach, you can help ensure your dog's health and well-being in the face of this potential danger.