Perianal Fistula in Dogs
What Is a Perianal Fistula in Dogs?
A perianal fistula is a painful condition characterized by the development of abnormal tunnels or holes near the anus. These holes often appear as ulcerated wounds that can be draining and infected. Known also as anal furunculosis, this condition can cause significant discomfort to affected dogs.
The anus, the opening through which stool passes during bowel movements, can develop these abnormal tracts that connect the inside of the rectum to the outside skin. This condition, while serious, is usually not considered an emergency and can be managed effectively with veterinary care.
Symptoms of Perianal Fistula in Dogs
Draining tracts or holes near the anus
Redness, oozing, or pus around the anal area
Straining during bowel movements
Presence of blood in the stool
Fecal incontinence, constipation, or diarrhea
Decreased appetite
Excessive licking or biting of the rear end
Reluctance to sit or wag tail
Signs of pain or aggression when the hind end is touched
Causes of Perianal Fistula in Dogs
The exact cause of perianal fistulas is not well understood, but it is suspected to be an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks healthy tissues. A genetic predisposition is also likely, with German Shepherds being particularly susceptible. Middle-aged dogs are more commonly affected, and it is reported that 84% of dogs with this condition are German Shepherds.
While the anal glands (or anal sacs) may not always be involved, infections in these sacs can increase the risk of developing perianal fistulas. Additionally, many dogs with fistulas also suffer from colitis, an inflammation of the colon.
How Veterinarians Diagnose Perianal Fistula in Dogs
Diagnosis is usually made through a physical examination by a veterinarian. This may involve palpating the anus, fistula, and anal sacs, which can be painful and may require sedation to keep the dog calm. Other conditions that present similarly, such as anal sac abscesses, tumors, and other autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, need to be ruled out.
Veterinarians may recommend bloodwork to ensure the dog can tolerate oral medications. Additional tests like stool and urine samples, x-rays, and biopsies might be necessary for a comprehensive diagnosis.
Treatment of Perianal Fistula in Dogs
Treatment involves managing the condition rather than curing it. Here are some common treatments:
Cyclosporine: An immunosuppressive medication commonly used to treat perianal fistulas. While effective, it can be expensive. It may be combined with ketoconazole to reduce costs.
Prednisone: A steroid used to treat the condition, but with variable success rates and potential side effects such as increased drinking, urination, appetite, and panting.
Azathioprine: Another immunosuppressive medication that can be used to shrink the fistula before surgery or in conjunction with metronidazole. It requires careful monitoring due to potential severe side effects.
Tacrolimus: A topical treatment applied directly to the skin, often used in combination with oral medications. It helps avoid systemic immunosuppression.
Other therapies like platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or stem cell injections and fluorescent light therapy are also explored. Your veterinarian will recommend the best treatment for your pet.
Recovery and Management of Perianal Fistula in Dogs
Recovery is often a long process, but many dogs live long, quality lives with proper management. Most dogs show improvement within a few weeks of starting therapy, although treatment is generally lifelong with regular monitoring. Recurrence is common, so pet parents need to be vigilant.
A link between perianal fistulas and food allergies has been identified. For long-term management, veterinarians may recommend a prescription diet of novel or hydrolyzed protein, such as Hills z/d, Royal Canin® HP, or Purina® HA.
Keeping the anal area clean is crucial. Regular baths with antibacterial shampoos like KetoChlor® or Douxo S3™ chlorhexidine antiseptic shampoo may be recommended.
Perianal Fistula in Dogs FAQs
Can a perianal fistula in dogs heal itself?No, perianal fistulas will not heal on their own and always require veterinary intervention. Untreated, they can become very serious and debilitating.
How long can dogs live with a perianal fistula?Dogs with well-managed perianal fistulas can live long and healthy lives. While severe forms of the disease may shorten lifespan, most affected dogs can achieve remission and lead fulfilling lives with proper treatment and care.
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